See ardugaz on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "örðugur"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "ørðugur"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "ǫrðugr"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*h₃erdʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃erdʰ-"
],
[
"*-us",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us"
],
[
"arduus",
"arduus#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*h₃érdʰ-u-s"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃érdʰ-u-s",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₃erdʰ-",
"3": "*-us",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "*h₃erdʰ- + *-us",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "arduus"
},
"expansion": "Latin arduus",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₃érdʰ-u-s, from *h₃erdʰ- + *-us. Cognate with Latin arduus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-atō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-atō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaizōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaizōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaizō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōnų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōnunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduginiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduginiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugini",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugini",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduginē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduginē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "*ardugaz",
"name": "gem-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ardugaz",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"steep"
],
"id": "en-ardugaz-gem-pro-adj-qqhKy5dY",
"links": [
[
"steep",
"steep"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɑr.du.ɣɑz/"
}
],
"word": "ardugaz"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "örðugur"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "ørðugur"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "ǫrðugr"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*h₃erdʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃erdʰ-"
],
[
"*-us",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us"
],
[
"arduus",
"arduus#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*h₃érdʰ-u-s"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃érdʰ-u-s",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₃erdʰ-",
"3": "*-us",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "*h₃erdʰ- + *-us",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "arduus"
},
"expansion": "Latin arduus",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₃érdʰ-u-s, from *h₃erdʰ- + *-us. Cognate with Latin arduus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-atō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-atō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaizōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaizǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaizōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaimaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaizō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugaimiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōnų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōnunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduginiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduginiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduganǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugini",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugini",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduginē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōnē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "arduginē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ardugammiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural",
"weak"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "*ardugaz",
"name": "gem-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ardugaz",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem adjectives",
"Proto-Germanic adjectives",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"glosses": [
"steep"
],
"links": [
[
"steep",
"steep"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɑr.du.ɣɑz/"
}
],
"word": "ardugaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ardugaz meaning in All languages combined (8.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.